� Inborn differences crataegus oxycantha help explain why psychic trauma gives some people bad memories and others the nightmare of post-traumatic stress. Scientists in Germany and the United States have reported evidence linking genes to uneasy behavior. The findings appear in the August issue of Behavioral Neuroscience, published by the American Psychological Association.
By showing that people world Health Organization carry a common variation of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter dopastat have an exaggerated "start" reflex when viewing unpleasant pictures, the researchers extend a biochemical explanation for why some people observe it harder to influence emotional arousal. Their sensitiveness may, in combination with other transmissible and environmental factors, make them more prone to anxiety disorders.
Researchers including Martin Reuter, PhD, of the University of Bonn, Germany, recruited 96 women averaging 22 years honest-to-god from the Giessen Gene Brain Behavior Project, which investigates biomolecular causes of individual differences in behaviour.
The researchers first determined which participants carried which variations (alleles) of the COMT factor, which encodes an enzyme that breaks down dopamine, weakening its signal. (COMT stands for a katabolic enzyme named catechol-O-methyltransferase.) Scientists call its two alleles Val158 and Met158. Depending on ethnicity, more or less half the population carries one copy of each. The rest of the population is roughly divided between carrying two copies of Val158 and two copies of Met158.
Using a well-validated psychophysiological measure, the researchers succeeding measured the intensity of each participant's startle reply by attaching electrodes to the oculus muscles that, upon emotional arousal, narrow and causal agency a flash. Participants then viewed pictures that were emotionally pleasant (such as animals or babies), neutral (such as a office outlet or hairdryer), or aversive (such as weapons or injured victims at a law-breaking scene) -- 12 pictures of each type for six seconds each. A loud, 35-millisecond white noise, called a startle probe, sounded at random spell they watched. When participants blinked, exhibit the galvanize response, a bioamplifier took readings from the electrodes and sent the information to a computer for analysis.
People carrying iI copies of the Met158 allele of the COMT gene showed a importantly stronger jump reflex in the unpleasant-picture condition than did carriers of either two copies of Val158 allele or one transcript of each. The two-Met carriers also disclosed greater anxiety on a standard personality quiz.
This finding confirms that specific variations in the gene that regulates dopamine signaling english hawthorn play a role in negative emotionalism. The authors speculated that the Met158 allele may raise levels of circulating dopamine in the brain's limbic system, a set of structures that support (among other things) store, emotional arousal and attention. The researchers said that more intropin in the prefrontal cortex could resultant role in an "inflexible attentional focus" on unpleasant stimuli, meaning that Met158 carriers can't pluck themselves away from something that's arousing -- fifty-fifty if it's bad.
The Met158 allele was created by a relatively recent mutation and only in the evolution of human beings. Other primate species such as chimpanzees pack only the Val/Val genetic constitution. Co-author Christian Montag, Dipl. Psych., observes that for humans, wariness may receive been adaptive. He points out, "It was an advantage to be more anxious in a dangerous environment."
A single gene variation, says Montag, throne explain only a low portion of variation in anxious behaviour - differently, in theory, up to half the population could be anxious.
"This individual gene fluctuation is potentially only one of many factors influencing such a complex trait as anxiety," he says. "Still, to identify the first candidates for genes associated with an anxiety-prone personality is a measure in the right instruction."
Although a great care more research is required, Montag says that if this job of research bears fruit, one day "it might be possible to prescribe the right dose of the right drug, relation to genetical makeup, to treat anxiety disorders."
"COMT Genetic Variation Affects Fear Processing: Psychophysiological Evidence,"
Christian Montag, Dipl. Psych., University of Bonn; Joshua W. Buckholtz, MS, Vanderbilt University; Peter Hartmann, PhD, University of Aarhus; Michael Merz, Dipl. Psych., Christian Burk, PhD, and Juergen Hennig, PhD, University of Giessen; and Martin Reuter, PhD, University of Bonn
Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol 122, No. 4.
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